Writing Anxiety: The Case of Law Students
Main Article Content
Abstract
Writing has been acknowledged as a key skill to law students and lawyers. In English as a Second Language (ESL) learning, law students form part of ESL learners. Multiple studies shed light on the unsatisfactory writing performance among ESL learners and link such poor writing performance to an affective construct, writing anxiety. Nevertheless, research on writing anxiety among law students, whose writing ability is requisite, is scarce. With the objectives of determining anxiety level and identifying anxiety types experienced by law students at a Malaysian private university, this study offers insights into their writing experience as ESL learners. A mixed methods approach, consisting of Cheng’s (2004) Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) and the semi-structured interview, is applied to achieve the research objectives. The key findings reveal that the highest percentage of the law students studied in this research encounter a high level of writing anxiety. While cognitive anxiety is the most predominant form of writing anxiety, avoidance behaviour is the least obvious form. Based on these findings and the conclusions drawn, this study draws attention to the necessity of addressing writing anxiety among law students in tandem with building strong basic writing skills.
Article Details
References
Akhtar, R. (2020). The Effects of ESL Student’s Attitude on Academic Writing Apprehensions and Academic Writing Challenges. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(5), 5404-5412. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr202024
Anthoney, J., & Wilang, J. D. (2023). Writing anxiety among international students in a Thai university. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(3), 1727. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i3.25458
Arnold, M. J. (1995). The lack of basic writing skills and its impact on the legal profession. Capital University Law Review, 24(1), 227–256. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/capulr24&id=256&men_tab=srchresults
Basturkmen, H., & Lewis, M. (2002). Learner perspectives of success in an EAP writing course. Assessing Writing, 8(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1075-2935(02)00032-6
Bloom, L. Z. (1985). Anxious writers in context: Graduate school and beyond. In M. Rose (Ed.), When a writer can’t write (pp. 119–133). Guilford Press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269930410_Thematic_analysis
Campbell, J. (2014). The role of law faculties and law academics: Academic education or qualification for practice? Stellenbosch Law Review, 25, 15–33. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/stelblr25&id=17&men_tab=srchresults
Cheng, Y. S. (2002). Factors associated with foreign language writing anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 35(6), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01903.x
Cheng, Y. S. (2004). A measure of second language writing anxiety: Scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of Second Language Writing, 13, 313–335.
Cheng, Y. S., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 49(3), 417–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00095
Clarence, S., Albertus, L., & Mwambene, L. (2014). Building an evolving method and materials for teaching legal writing in large classes. Higher Education, 67(6), 839–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9707-8
Cobourne, K., & Shellenbarger, T. (2019). Taming the writing demons: Overcoming writing apprehension. Nurse Author & Editor, 29(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-4910.2019.tb00035.x
Crocker, A. D. (2018). Facing the challenge of improving the legal writing skills of educationally disadvantaged law students in a South African law school. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 21, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a1368
Daly, J. A., & Miller, M. D. (1975). The empirical development of an instrument to measure writing apprehension. Research in the Teaching of English, 9(3), 242–249.
David, A. R., Azman, H., & Siew Ming, T. (2018). Investigating online dialogue journal writing impacts on low proficiency students’ writing anxiety. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v8.1051
Drennan, L., & Keyser, G. (2022). Facilitating skills transfer: A collaborative writing centre intervention for undergraduate law students. Journal for Language Teaching, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.56285/jltvol56iss1a5411
Fitrinada, D. M., Loeneto, B. A., & Fiftinova, F. (2018). Students’ writing anxiety and its correlation with writing performance. The Journal of English Literacy Education, 5(2), 194–207. https://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/jenglish/article/view/7250/3693
Galletta, A. (2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
Guvendir, E., & Uzun, K. (2023). L2 writing anxiety, working memory, and task complexity in L2 written performance. Journal of Second Language Writing, 60, 101016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2023.101016
Hamilton, N. W. (2014). Changing markets create opportunities: Emphasizing the competencies legal employers use in hiring new lawyers (including professional formation/professionalism). South Carolina Law Review, 65, 547–577. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2412324
Hasni, N. A., Abdul Malik, N., Abdul Rani, M. S., & Kamarudin, S. (2021). The conundrum of second language writing anxiety among ESL students. Insight Journal, 8(3), 65–82. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354920813_The_Conundrum_of_Second_Language_Writing_Anxiety_Among_ESL_Students
Hassan, B. (2001). The relationship of writing apprehension and self-esteem to the writing quality and quantity of EFL university students. Mansoura Faculty of Education Journal, 39, 1–36. https://www.academia.edu/11810939
Ho, M. (2015). Exploring writing anxiety and self-efficacy among EFL graduate students in Taiwan. Higher Education Studies, 6(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v6n1p24
Holladay, S. A. (1981). Writing anxiety: What research tells us. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED216393
Horwitz, E. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112–126. https://www.academia.edu/6820625
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Hussain, M. A., Yeon, A. L., & Hassan, M. (2020). Employers’ views on the skills and professional practice of law students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 48–48. http://ilkogretim-online.org
Hyland, K. (2019). Second language writing (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Iksan, H., & Abdul Halim, H. (2018, July). The effect of e-feedback via wikis on ESL students’ L2 writing anxiety level. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(3), 30–48.
Jagabalan, J. K., Tan, H., & Nimehchisalem, V. (2016). ESL pre-university learners’ writing apprehension levels in argumentative writing. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 54–62.
Jasman, N. H., Saidalvi, A., Mokhtar, M. I., Nasarudin, M. R., & Rezwan, N. B. S. (2023). Exploring writing anxiety of the ESL university students in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(6), 2234–2244. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i6/17161
Jebreil, N., Azizifar, A., & Gowhary, H. (2015). Investigating the effect of anxiety of male and female Iranian EFL learners on their writing performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.360
Kakandee, M. (2017). Law students’ essay writing performance and their writing difficulties. European Journal of Language and Literature, 9(1), 80–89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320588971_Law_Students'_Essay_Writing_Performance_and_their_Writing_Difficulties
Kosse, S. H., & ButleRitchie, D. T. (2003). How judges, practitioners, and legal writing teachers assess the writing skills of new law graduates: A comparative study. Journal of Legal Education, 53(1), 80–102. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jled53&id=90&men_tab=srchresults
Lang, P. J. (1971). The application of psychophysiological methods to the study of psychotherapy and behavior modification. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 75–125). New York: Wiley.
LexisNexis. (2015). Hiring partners reveal new attorney readiness for real world practice. LexisNexis. https://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/pdf/20150325064926_large.pdf
Louw, C. H., & Broodryk, T. (2016). Teaching legal writing skills in the South African LLB curriculum: The role of the writing consultant. Stellenbosch Law Review, 3, 441–653. https://scholar.sun.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/8e71dd08-7187-4969-922e-ec3834944c7e/content
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second-language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
McCarthy, P., Meier, S., & Rinderer, R. (1985). Self-efficacy and writing: A different view of self-evaluation. College Composition and Communication, 36(4), 465. https://doi.org/10.2307/357865
Nordin, N. A., Zabidin, N., & Kamaludin, P. N. H. (2019). Students’ perception on the use of free writing in overcoming writing anxiety. Academic Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1–11. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/AJoBSS/article/view/11660
Pajares, F., & Valiante, G. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs and motivation in writing development. In C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 158–170). New York: Guilford Press.
Pajares, F., Valiante, G., & Cheong, Y. F. (2006). Writing self-efficacy and its relation to gender, writing motivation, and writing competence: A developmental perspective. In S. Hidi & P. Boscolo (Eds.), Writing and motivation (pp. 141–162).
Quvanch, Z., & Kew, S. N. (2022). Evaluating Afghanistan university students’ writing anxiety in English class: An empirical research. Cogent Education, 9, Article 2040697. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2040697
Rabadi, R. I., & Rabadi, A. D. (2020). Do medical students experience writing anxiety while learning English as a foreign language? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 883–893. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s276448
Rezaei, M., & Jafari, M. (2014). Investigating the levels, types, and causes of writing anxiety among Iranian EFL students: A mixed method design. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1545–1554. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814026688
Rohmah, N., & Muslim, A. B. (2021). Writing anxiety in academic writing practice. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210427.053
Sabti, A. A., Md Rashid, S., Nimehchisalem, V., & Darmi, R. (2019). The impact of writing anxiety, writing achievement motivation, and writing self-efficacy on writing performance: A correlational study of Iraqi tertiary EFL learners. SAGE Open, 9(4), Article 215824401989428. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019894289
Vanhille, J., Gregory, B., & Corser, G. (2017). The effects of mood on writing apprehension, writing self-efficacy, and writing performance. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 22(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.3.220
Vinson, K. E. (2005). Improving legal writing: A life-long learning process and continuing professional challenge. Touro Law Review, 21, 507–550. https://ssrn.com/abstract=847644
Winek, K. M. (2019). Writing like a lawyer: How law student involvement impacts self-reported gains in writing skills in law school [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Toledo]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/writing-like-lawyer-how-law-student-involvement/docview/2326956523/se-2
Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 426–439.
Zhang, C., & Zhang, W. (2022). The impact of academic procrastination on second language writing: The mediating role of L2 writing anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 851120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.851120
Zhang, H. (2011). A study on ESL writing anxiety among Chinese English majors: Causes, effects and coping strategies for ESL writing anxiety [Master’s thesis]. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8247
Zhang, X. (2019). Exploring the relationship between college students’ writing anxiety and the pedagogical use of online resources. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0149-y